Vanowedzera vanogona kushandisa kudzikisira kudzvinyirira kutyaira michina inotenderera. Ruzivo rwekuti ungaongorora sei mabhenefiti ekuisa extender anogona kuwanikwa pano.
Kazhinji muindasitiri yemakemikari process (CPI), "simba rakawanda rinoparara mumavharuvhu ekudzora mavharuvhu uko kukwirisa kwemvura kunofanirwa kudzvinyirirwa" [1]. Zvichienderana nezvakasiyana zvehunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi zvinhu, zvingave zvinodiwa kushandura simba iri kuita rinotenderera remagetsi simba, iro rinogona kushandiswa kutyaira jenareta kana mamwe machina anotenderera. Pamvura isingapindiki (zvinwiwa), izvi zvinowanikwa uchishandisa hydraulic energy recovery turbine (HPRT; ona referensi 1). Kune zvinomisikidza zvinwiwa (magasi), inowedzeredza muchina wakakodzera.
Expanders tekinoroji yakakura ine akawanda akabudirira kunyorera senge fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), firiji, gasi remuguta mavharuvhu, kupatsanurwa kwemhepo kana kubuda kwemhepo. Muchidimbu, chero gasi rinoyerera rine kuderedzwa kwakaderera rinogona kushandiswa kutyaira yekuwedzera, asi "simba rinobuda rinoenderana zvakananga nereshiyo yekumanikidza, tembiricha uye kuyerera kwerukova rwegasi" [2], pamwe nehunyanzvi uye kugona kwehupfumi. Expander Implementation: Maitiro anoenderana neizvi nezvimwe zvinhu, semitengo yemagetsi emunharaunda uye kuwanikwa kwemugadziri wemidziyo yakakodzera.
Kunyange zvazvo turboexpander (inoshanda zvakafanana kune turbine) ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa rudzi rwekuwedzera (Mufananidzo 1), kune mamwe marudzi akakodzera maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Ichi chinyorwa chinosuma mhando huru dzevawedzere uye zvikamu zvadzo uye inopfupikisa kuti maneja ekushanda, vanachipangamazano kana maodhita emagetsi mumapoka akasiyana eCPI anogona kuongorora zvingangoita zvehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza mabhenefiti ekuisa chiwedzere.
Kune akawanda akasiyana marudzi emabhendi ekupikisa anosiyana zvakanyanya mujometry uye basa. Mhando huru dzinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, uye mhando imwe neimwe inotsanangurwa muchidimbu pasi apa. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, pamwe nemagirafu achienzanisa mamiriro ekushanda emhando yega yega zvichienderana nemadhayamita chaiwo uye kumhanya chaiko, ona Rubatsiro. 3.
Piston turboexpander. Piston uye rotary piston turboexpanders inoshanda senge inotenderera-inotenderera mukati memoto injini, inotora yakakwira-kudzvanywa gasi uye ichishandura simba rayo rakachengetwa kuita simba rekutenderera kuburikidza ne crankshaft.
Dhonza iyo turbo expander. Iyo brake turbine expander ine concentric kuyerera kamuri ine bucket fins zvakanamirwa kuperiphery yechinhu chinotenderera. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa nenzira imwecheteyo semavhiri emvura, asi chikamu-chepakati chemakamuri akadzika chinowedzera kubva pakupinda kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo, zvichiita kuti gasi riwedzere.
Radial turboexpander. Radial flow turboexpanders ine axial inlet uye radial outlet, inobvumira gasi kuti rikure radially kuburikidza ne turbine impeller. Saizvozvo, axial kuyerera turbines anowedzera gasi kuburikidza nevhiri returbine, asi gwara rekuyerera rinoramba rakafanana neaxis yekutenderera.
Ichi chinyorwa chinotarisa pane radial uye axial turboexpanders, ichikurukura yavo akasiyana subtypes, zvikamu, uye hupfumi.
Iyo turboexpander inobvisa simba kubva kune yakakwira-kudzvanywa gasi rwizi uye inoshandura kuita mutoro wekutyaira. Kazhinji mutoro ndeye compressor kana jenareta yakabatana kune shaft. Iyo turboexpander ine compressor inomanikidza mvura mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenzira yerukova inoda kudzvanywa mvura, nekudaro ichiwedzera kushanda kwese kwechirimwa nekushandisa simba rinoraswa neimwe nzira. Iyo turboexpander ine jenareta mutoro inoshandura simba kuita magetsi, ayo anogona kushandiswa mune mamwe magadzirirwo echirimwa kana kudzoserwa kune yenzvimbo grid kutengeswa.
Majenareta eTurboexpander anogona kuve akashongedzerwa angave akananga dhiraivha shaft kubva kuvhiri returbine kuenda kune jenareta, kana kuburikidza negiya bhokisi rinonyatso dzikisa kumhanya kwekuisa kubva pavhiri returbine kuenda kujenareta kuburikidza negiya reshiyo. Yakananga dhiraivha turboexpanders inopa zvakanakira mukubudirira, tsoka uye mutengo wekugadzirisa. Gearbox turboexpanders inorema uye inoda tsoka yakakura, lubrication yekubatsira michina, uye kugadzirisa nguva dzose.
Kuyerera-kuburikidza ne turboexpanders kunogona kuitwa nenzira yeradial kana axial turbines. Radial flow expanders ine axial inlet uye radial outlet zvekuti kuyerera kwegasi kunobuda muturbine radially kubva kuaxis yekutenderera. Axial turbines inobvumira gasi kuyerera axially paaxis yekutenderera. Axial inoyerera turbines inobvisa simba kubva kuyerera gasi kuburikidza neinopinza gidhi vanes kune inowedzeredza vhiri, ine muchinjiko-chikamu nzvimbo yekamuri yekuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma ichiwedzera kuchengetedza kukurumidza kukurumidza.
Jenareta yeturboexpander ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: vhiri returbine, mabheji anokosha uye jenareta.
Turbine vhiri. Turbine mavhiri anowanzo kugadzirwa zvakananga kukwidziridza aerodynamic kunyatsoita. Zvishandiso zvinosiyanisa dhizaini dhizaini yeturbine vhiri rekupinda / kubuda, tembiricha yekupinza / yekubuda, kuyerera kwevhoriyamu, uye zvinwiwa zvemvura. Kana iyo reshiyo yekumanikidza yakawandisa kuti idzikiswe muchikamu chimwe chete, turboexpander ine mavhiri eturbine akawanda inodiwa. Ese maviri radial uye axial turbine mavhiri anogona kugadzirwa seaya-matanho akawanda, asi axial turbine mavhiri ane akanyanya kupfupika axial kureba uye saka anowedzera compact. Multistage radial flow turbines inoda gasi kuti riyerere kubva kuaxial kuenda kuradial uye kudzokera kune axial, ichigadzira kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwekupokana kupfuura axial flow turbines.
ma bearings. Kutakura dhizaini kwakakosha pakushanda kwakanaka kweturboexpander. Kutakura mhando dzine chekuita ne turboexpander dhizaini inosiyana zvakanyanya uye inogona kusanganisira mafuta mabearings, liquid film bearing, zvechinyakare bhora mabearings, uye magnetic bearings. Imwe neimwe nzira ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, sezvakaratidzwa muTable 1.
Vazhinji vagadziri ve turboexpander vanosarudza magineti mabheji se "kutakura kwesarudzo" nekuda kwekunaka kwavo kwakasiyana. Magnetic bearings inovimbisa kushanda-kusina kushanda kweiyo turboexpander's inoshanduka zvikamu, ichideredza zvakanyanya mari yekushandisa nekugadzirisa pamusoro pehupenyu hwemuchina. Izvo zvakagadzirirwawo kumira zvakasiyana-siyana zveaxial uye radial mitoro uye overstress mamiriro. Mari yavo yepamusoro yekutanga inodzikiswa nemitengo yakaderera yehupenyu.
dynamo. Jenareta inotora simba rekutenderera returbine uye rinoshandura kuita simba remagetsi rinoshanda uchishandisa jenareta remagetsi (rinogona kunge riri induction jenareta kana reginereta remagineta zvachose). Induction jenareta ane yakaderera yakayerwa kumhanya, saka yakakwira yekumhanyisa turbine application inoda giya bhokisi, asi inogona kugadzirwa kuti ienderane neiyo grid frequency, ichibvisa kudiwa kweiyo inosiyana frequency drive (VFD) yekupa magetsi anogadzirwa. Majenareta emagineti echigarire, kune rumwe rutivi, anogona kuve akananga shaft akabatanidzwa kune turbine uye kuendesa simba kune grid kuburikidza neinosiyana frequency drive. Iyo jenareta yakagadzirirwa kuendesa yakanyanya simba zvichibva pane shaft simba rinowanikwa muhurongwa.
Zvisimbiso. Chisimbiso zvakare chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira turboexpander system. Kuchengetedza kushanda kwepamusoro uye kuzadzisa zviyero zvezvakatipoteredza, masisitimu anofanirwa kuiswa chisimbiso kudzivirira anogona kuita gasi kubuda. Turboexpanders inogona kuve yakashongedzerwa ine simba kana static zvisimbiso. Zvisimbiso zvine simba, senge labyrinth zvisimbiso uye yakaoma gasi zvisimbiso, zvinopa chisimbiso chakatenderedza shaft inotenderera, kazhinji pakati pevhiri returbine, mabearings uye mamwe ese emuchina unowanikwa jenareta. Dynamic zvisimbiso zvinopera nekufamba kwenguva uye zvinoda kugarogadziriswa uye kuongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zviri kushanda nemazvo. Kana zvese turboexpander zvikamu zviri mune imwe imba, zvisimbiso zvinomira zvinogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza chero inotungamira inobuda mudzimba, kusanganisira kune jenareta, magineti anotakura madhiraivha, kana masensa. Izvi zvisimbiso zvinodzivirira mhepo zvinopa dziviriro yekusingaperi kubva pakubuda kwegasi uye hazvidi kugadzirisa kana kugadziriswa.
Kubva pakuona kwemaitiro, chinhu chikuru chinodiwa pakuisa expander ndechekupa yakakwira-pressure compressible (isina-condensable) gasi kune yakaderera-pressure system ine kuyerera kwakakwana, kudonhedza kudonha uye kushandiswa kuchengetedza zvakajairika kushanda kwemidziyo. Operating parameters inochengetwa pamwero wakachengeteka uye unoshanda.
Mukutaura kwekudzvinyirira kuderedza basa, iyo inowedzera inogona kushandiswa kutsiva Joule-Thomson (JT) valve, inozivikanwawo sevhavhavhavha. Sezvo JT vharuvhu ichifamba nenzira yeistropic uye inowedzeredza inofamba ichitevedza nzira inenge iinetropic, iyo yekupedzisira inoderedza enthalpy yegasi uye inoshandura musiyano we enthalpy kuita shaft simba, nekudaro ichigadzira yakaderera yekubuda tembiricha kupfuura JT valve. Izvi zvinobatsira mu cryogenic maitiro apo chinangwa ndechekuderedza kupisa kwegesi.
Kana paine muganho wakaderera pane yekubuda gasi tembiricha (semuenzaniso, mune decompression chiteshi umo tembiricha yegesi inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa pamusoro pechando, hydration, kana kushoma tembiricha yekugadzira zvinhu), kanenge hita imwe inofanira kuwedzerwa. kudzora kupisa kwegasi. Kana iyo preheater iri kumusoro kweanowedzeredza, rimwe resimba kubva kugasi rekudya rinodzoserwa zvakare mukuwedzera, nekudaro richiwedzera kubuda kwayo kwesimba. Mune mamwe magadzirirwo panodiwa kudzora tembiricha yekubuda, yechipiri reheater inogona kuiswa mushure mekuwedzera kuti ipe kukurumidza kutonga.
Mumufananidzo 3 inoratidza dhayagiramu yakareruka yejenereta rekuyerera kwejenareta rekuwedzera rine preheater inoshandiswa kutsiva JT valve.
Mune mamwe magadzirirwo emaitiro, iro simba rakadzoserwa mukuwedzera rinogona kuendeswa zvakananga kune compressor. Michina iyi, dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa kuti "commanders", inowanzova nematanho ekuwedzera uye ekumanikidza akabatana neimwe kana anopfuura shafts, ayo anogona zvakare kusanganisira giya bhokisi rekudzora mutsauko wekumhanya pakati pematanho maviri aya. Inogona zvakare kusanganisira imwe mota yekuwedzera kuti ipe simba rakawanda kune yekumanikidza nhanho.
Pazasi pane zvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu zvinosimbisa kushanda kwakakodzera uye kugadzikana kwehurongwa.
Bypass valve kana kudzvanywa kwevharuvhu. The bypass valve inobvumira kushanda kuenderera mberi kana turboexpander isiri kushanda (somuenzaniso, yekugadzirisa kana dambudziko), nepo vhavha yekuderedza kudzvinyirira inoshandiswa kuenderera mberi kushanda kupa gasi rakawandisa kana kuyerera kwese kunodarika simba rekugadzirisa kwekuwedzera.
Emergency shutdown valve (ESD). ESD mavharuvhu anoshandiswa kuvharidzira kuyerera kwegasi kupinda mukuwedzera mune emergency kudzivirira kukuvara kwemuchina.
Zviridzwa uye zvinodzora. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekutarisa zvinosanganisira inlet uye outlet pressure, flow rate, kutenderera kumhanya, uye simba kubuda.
Kutyaira zvakanyanya. Chishandiso chinocheka kuyerera kune turbine, zvichiita kuti turbine rotor inonoke, nekudaro ichidzivirira midziyo kubva pakumhanya zvakanyanya nekuda kwemaitiro asingatarisirwe anogona kukanganisa midziyo.
Pressure Safety Valve (PSV). PSVs dzinowanzo kuisirwa mushure me turboexpander kuchengetedza mapaipi uye yakaderera kudzvinyirira michina. Iyo PSV inofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti ikwanise kushingirira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinowanzo sanganisira kutadza kwevhavhavhavha yekuvhura. Kana yekuwedzera ichiwedzerwa kune iripo yekudzikisira chiteshi, iyo dhizaini dhizaini timu inofanirwa kuona kana iyo iripo PSV inopa chengetedzo yakakwana.
Heater. Heaters inotsiva kudonha kwetembiricha kunokonzerwa negasi rinopfuura nepakati peturbine, saka gasi rinofanirwa kunge richipisa. Basa rayo guru nderekuwedzera tembiricha yekukwira kwegasi kuyerera kuchengetedza tembiricha yegesi ichisiya expander pamusoro pehushoma kukosha. Imwe bhenefiti yekusimudza tembiricha ndeyekuwedzera simba rekubuda pamwe nekudzivirira ngura, condensation, kana hydrates izvo zvinogona kukanganisa midziyo nozzles. Mune masisitimu ane zvinopisa zvinopisa (sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3), tembiricha yegesi inowanzodzorwa nekugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura inopisa mu preheater. Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, murazvo wemoto kana heater yemagetsi inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yekupisa. Heater inogona kunge yatovepo mune iripo JT valve station, uye kuwedzera kuwedzera kungasada kuisa mamwe maheater, asi kuwedzera kuyerera kwemvura inopisa.
Mafuta ekuzora uye seal gasi masisitimu. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, vanowedzera vanogona kushandisa zvisimbiso zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvingada mafuta uye kuvhara magasi. Pazvinoshanda, mafuta ekuzora anofanirwa kuchengetedza mhando yepamusoro uye kuchena kana yasangana nemagasi ekuita, uye iyo mafuta viscosity level inofanirwa kuramba iri mukati meiyo inodiwa yekushanda yemhando yemabhengi akaiswa mafuta. Yakavharwa gasi masisitimu anowanzo kuve akashongedzerwa neoiri yekuzora mudziyo kudzivirira mafuta kubva mubhokisi rinotakura kupinda mubhokisi rekuwedzera. Pamashandisirwo akasarudzika eanoenzanisa anoshandiswa muindasitiri yehydrocarbon, oiri uye seal gasi masisitimu anowanzo gadzirirwa kuAPI 617 [5] Chikamu 4 zvakatemwa.
Variable frequency drive (VFD). Kana jenareta iri induction, VFD inowanzobatidzwa kuti igadzirise alternating current (AC) chiratidzo kuti ienderane neutility frequency. Kazhinji, madhizaini anoenderana nekusiyana-siyana madhiraivha ane hunyanzvi hwese pane magadzirirwo anoshandisa mabhokisi egiya kana zvimwe zvinhu zvemuchina. VFD-yakavakirwa masisitimu inogona zvakare kugarisa huwandu hwakakura hwekuchinja kwemaitiro kunogona kukonzera shanduko mukuwedzeredza shaft kumhanya.
Transmission. Mamwe madhizaini ekuwedzera anoshandisa giya bhokisi kudzikisa kumhanya kweanowedzeredza kune yakayerwa kumhanya kwejenareta. Mutengo wekushandisa giya bhokisi wakaderera zvachose kushanda zvakanaka uye nekudaro kuderera kwemagetsi kubuda.
Paunenge uchigadzirira chikumbiro chekotesheni (RFQ) yekuwedzera, injinjiniya inofanirwa kutanga yaona mamiriro ekushanda, kusanganisira zvinotevera ruzivo:
Mechanical mainjiniya anowanzo kupedzisa ekuwedzera jenareta maratidziro uye maratidziro achishandisa data kubva kune mamwe mainjiniya maitiro. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:
Izvo zvinotsanangurwa zvinofanirwawo kusanganisira rondedzero yezvinyorwa uye kudhirowa zvakapihwa nemugadziri sechikamu chetenda maitiro uye chiyero chekugovera, pamwe neanoshanda maitiro ekuyedza sezvinodiwa neprojekiti.
Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rwunopihwa nemugadziri sechikamu chemaitiro echinyoro runofanira kuwanzosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:
Kana chero chikamu chechikumbiro chakasiyana kubva pane zvakatemwa, mugadziri anofanirawo kupa runyoro rwekutsauka uye zvikonzero zvekutsauka.
Kana chikumbiro chagamuchirwa, timu yekuvandudza purojekiti inofanirwa kuongorora chikumbiro chekutevedzera uye kuona kana misiyano ichikodzera hunyanzvi.
Zvimwe zvetekinoroji zvekufunga nezvazvo paunenge uchiongorora zvikumbiro zvinosanganisira:
Pakupedzisira, kuongorora kwehupfumi kunoda kuitwa. Nekuda kwekuti sarudzo dzakasiyana dzinogona kukonzeresa mitengo yekutanga, zvinokurudzirwa kuti kufambiswa kwemari kana kuongororwa kwemutengo wehupenyu kuitwe kuenzanisa hupfumi hwepurojekiti yenguva refu uye kudzoka pakudyara. Semuyenzaniso, kudyara kwekutanga kwepamusoro kunogona kudzikiswa mukufamba kwenguva nekuwedzera kubereka kana kuderedzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa. Ona "Mareferensi" kune mirairo yerudzi urwu rwekuongorora. 4.
Yese turboexpander-jenareta maapplication anoda yekutanga huwandu hwesimba hunogona kuverenga kuti uone huwandu hwese hwesimba huripo hunogona kudzoserwa mune imwe application. Kune jenareta ye turboexpander, simba remagetsi rinoverengwa seinetropic (constant entropy) maitiro. Iyi ndiyo yakanakira thermodynamic mamiriro ekutarisa reversible adiabatic process pasina kukweshana, asi ndiyo nzira chaiyo yekufungidzira simba chairo rinogona kuita.
Isentropic inogona simba (IPP) inoverengerwa nekuwanza iyo chaiyo enthalpy mutsauko pane inopinza uye yekubuda kweiyo turboexpander uye kuwedzera mhedzisiro nehuwandu hwekuyerera kwehuwandu. Iri simba rinogoneka richaratidzwa sehuwandu hweistropic (Equation (1)):
IPP = ( hinlet – h(i,e)) × ṁ x ŋ (1)
apo h(i,e) ndiyo chaiyo enthalpy tichifunga nezve tembiricha yekubuda kweistropic uye ṁ ndiyo mwero wekuyerera kwehuwandu.
Kunyange zvazvo simba reistropic rinogona kushandiswa kufungidzira simba ringangoitika, masisitimu ese chaiwo anosanganisira kukwesha, kupisa, uye kumwe kurasikirwa kwesimba. Nekudaro, kana uchiverenga iyo chaiyo simba rinogona kuitika, inotevera yekuwedzera data yekuisa inofanirwa kuverengerwa:
Mune akawanda turboexpander maapplication, tembiricha inogumira kune shoma kudzivirira matambudziko asingadiwe akadai sechando chepombi chambotaurwa. Kunoyerera gasi rechisikigo, mahydrates anenge aripo nguva dzose, zvichireva kuti pombi yepasi peturboexpander kana throttle valve inoomesa nechando mukati nekunze kana tembiricha yekubuda nayo ikadzika pasi pe0°C. Kugadzirwa kweaizi kunogona kukonzera kudzorwa kwekuyerera uye pakupedzisira kuvhara sisitimu kuti iparadze. Nekudaro, iyo "inodiwa" yekubuda tembiricha inoshandiswa kuverenga imwe inogoneka inogona kuitika yesimba. Zvisinei, pamagasi akadai sehydrogen, tembiricha inoganhurana yakadzikira zvikuru nokuti hairojeni haichinji kubva pagasi kuenda kumvura kusvikira yasvika tembiricha ye cryogenic (-253°C). Shandisa iyi inodiwa yekubuda tembiricha kuverenga iyo chaiyo enthalpy.
Kushanda kweiyo turboexpander system kunofanirwawo kutariswa. Zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hunoshandiswa, kugona kwehurongwa kunogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, turboexpander inoshandisa giya rekudzikisa kuendesa simba rekutenderera kubva kune turbine kuenda kune jenareta rinosangana nekurasikirwa kukuru kwekukwesha kupfuura sisitimu inoshandisa yakananga drive kubva kune turbine kuenda kune jenareta. Kubudirira kwese kweiyo turboexpander system inoratidzwa seye muzana uye inotariswa painoongorora iyo chaiyo simba rekugona kweiyo turboexpander. Iyo chaiyo simba simba (PP) inoverengerwa seizvi:
PP = (hinlet – hexit) × ṁ x ṅ (2)
Ngatitarisei mashandisirwo egasi remusikirwo kudzvinyirira. ABC inoshanda uye inochengetedza chiteshi chekudzikisa kudzvanywa chinotakura gasi rechisikigo kubva papombi huru uye kuriparadzira kumanisiparati emuno. Pachiteshi ichi, gasi rekupinda mukati rinomanikidza 40 bar uye yekubuda pressure ndeye 8 bar. Kupisa kwegasi rinopinda mukati kuri 35°C, iro rinopisa gasi kare kudzivirira kutonhora kwepombi. Naizvozvo, tembiricha yekubuda gasi inofanirwa kudzorwa kuitira kuti isadonha pasi pe0 ° C. Mumuenzaniso uyu tichashandisa 5 ° C seye tembiricha yekubuda kunze kuti tiwedzere kuchengetedza chinhu. Iyo yakajairika volumetric gasi kuyerera mwero i50,000 Nm3/h. Kuti tiverenge simba rinogona kuitika, isu tichafungidzira kuti gasi rose rinoyerera kuburikidza ne turbo expander uye kuverenga iyo yakawanda simba rinobuda. Kufungidzira huwandu hwesimba rekubuda kwemagetsi uchishandisa inotevera kuverenga:
Nguva yekutumira: May-25-2024